Conservation of the Great Barrier Reef: is the Benefit worth the Cost?

Conservation of the Great Barrier Reef: is the Benefit worth the Cost? Introduction The Great Barrier Reef has been an iconic part of Australia’s global image for decades. It is considered one of the seven natural wonders of the world, it has been a world heritage site since 1981 and it is considered a state icon of Queensland. This stunning and complex natural resource draws in more than two million visitors a year, and yet there is immense controversy surrounding the conservation of the reef. The Great Barrier Reef is a sensitive environment that relies on the costal ecosystems surrounding the reef to function. The costal ecosystems provide the aquatic terrestrial link that â€Å"†¦support[s] the physical, biological and biogeochemical process that underpin the ecosystem health of the Great Barrier Reef†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, 2012). The Great Barrier Reef provides Australians and people worldwide many social benefits such as agricultural production, commercial and recreational fishing, tourism, recreation and environm ental values. Total Economic Value of the Great Barrier Reef The Great Barrier Reef provides economic benefits when either preserved or destroyed. Environmental and economic concerns tend to raise controversy, whether it be land rights, natural resources, pollution or any other variety of environmental concerns. Public opinion is heavily divided, some believe that the environment should come first at all costs while others believe the economy is of greater importance. There is no right or wrong answer. The truth is that economic benefits often conflict with environmental and social benefits. This effects the way that policy makers make decisions, therefore it is very important that there is a way to value environmental features within nature in monetary terms. â€Å"Valuing nature in monetary terms can effectively inform policy settings and help industry, government, the science community and the wider public fully understand the contribution of the environment to the economy and society.† (Total economic value of the Great Barrier Reef what you need to know, 2017). In a world that is continually growing more environmentally conscientious it is important that there is a way to assist with mutual understanding of environmental and economic costs and benefits. Using the Total Economic Value (TEV) framework a monetary value can be placed environmental features such as the Great Barrier Reef. The aim of this essay is to provide an analysis of the value of the Great Barrier Reef and provide a case for conserving the Great Barrier Reef and limiting or modifying the main activities or driving forces that are putting pressure of the Reef’s overall health. What is Total Economic Value (TEV)? TEV is a cost-benefit analysis framework used for valuing a natural resource and comparing the cost and benefit of having said resource to the cost and benefit of not having it. As represented in figure 1 below, there are many different types of values, the main two being use values and non-use values. Figure 1: Total Economic Value Framework (Total economic value of the Great Barrier Reef what you need to know, 2017) Putting a monetary value on a natural resource is a complex task and therefore all values must be reviewed and understood. For example the Great Barrier Reef is an iconic Australian image, as an icon the Great Barrier Reef holds icon value which is internationally influential on not only tourism but politics and business as well. Identifying the Costs and Benefits of Great Barrier Reef Conservation Cost Benefit analysis (CBA) is a process that attempts to measure the positive and negative consequences of something. CBA measures externality effects, social benefits and effects on both participants and non-participants. Social Benefits of Great Barrier Reef Conservation The Great Barrier Reef holds a significant number of social benefits that need to be reviewed when considering the TEV or a CBA of the reef. In a report of this size not all benefits can be reviewed, just the most major social benefits and costs will be briefly discussed. The Great Barrier Reef has been an important resource for thousands of years, stretching back to when the indigenous population lived within the coastal areas surrounding the Great Barrier Reef. Today the reef is used and valued as a place for people to visit and enjoy. The reef has provided over 54000 full time jobs for Australians through fishing and tourism (At what price? The economic, social and icon value of the Great Barrier Reef, 2017). The reef is also an important area for culture, recreation, scientific research and defence force training (McCook et al., 2010). Even through indirect use the Great Barrier Reef effects millions of people purely by existing. Having a pristine coastal and marine area to use for recreational activities promotes a healthier lifestyle, this is a social benefit that provides a healthier population and therefore in the long term decreases medical costs. There is a similar situation regarding air pollution. Having a healthy coastal environment and healthy marine environment would help to increase clean air and reduce air pollution, this again would cut medical costs in the long term and promote a healthy lifestyle. Social Costs of Great Barrier Reef Conservation It can be argued that the conservation of the Great Barrier Reef will have a negative effect on jobs due to the fact that reef conservation has a negative effect on coal mining and shipping routes. In order to protect the reef costal development must be regulated and minimised and this will have a significant effect on population growth and will economically effect coastal towns. Conservation of the reef does not necessarily mean removing all profitable practices from the reef. Conservation can mean that economic activity may continue but only in a way that is sustainable. Great Barrier Reef conservation will result in decreased growth rate for jobs within mining, fishing, agricultural and tourism sectors. Although growth rates for jobs would have to slow in the long term picture the jobs that are created would be created to last. As population size will continue to grow it must be determined if the conservation of the Great Barrier Reef will be enough to support many coastal and inland communities in north Queensland. The biggest driving force for the support of development of new coal mines and coastal ports in north Queensland is the promise of new jobs for the people living in proximity to the Great Barrier Reef. Measuring the costs and benefits of Great Barrier Reef conservation Benefits of the Great Barrier Reef Benefit Benefit Type Economic Value Type Valuation Method Recreational Benefits Social Benefit Direct Use Both visitors and residents use the Great Barrier Reef for recreational activities. The travel cost method would be used to determine the amount of money that people spent travelling in order to use the reef for recreational activities.    â€Å"About 60 per cent of recreational visitors visit the Reef between one and 10 times in a year, but a small proportion (about 15 per cent) visit the area more than 50 times a year. Recreational use (including recreational fishing) contributed $153 million to the Australian economy in 2006/07. The exact contribution of the non-fishing component is not known.† (Gbrmpa.gov.au, 2017) Economic Sustainability Private Benefit Direct Use By maintaining the health of the Great Barrier Reef it will continue to be an asset and supply jobs to the local area. Economic Sustainability can be valued using the Damage Cost Avoided, Replacement Cost, and Substitute Cost Methods Cultural Benefits Social Benefit Bequest Value Altruist Value Existence Value Icon Value Many Australians take pride in the natural phenomena within the country and are inclined to protect it for the use of future generations. Hedonic pricing would be used to determine the benefit of the reef in terms of cultural and aesthetic value. Health Benefits Social Benefit Direct Use Cleaner air and promotion of recreational activities will have health issues decrease and money will be saved on Medicare. Health Benefits would be measured using the contingent valuation method. Scientific Research Social and Private Benefit Direct Use The Great Barrier Reef can continue to be used for scientific research that may one day supply invaluable research. Fishing industry Private Benefit Direct use The use of the reef for commercial fishing can be valued using the market price method, as fish can be valued within a commercial market. Tourism Industry Social Benefit Direct Use The use of the reef for tourism can be valued using the productivity method or the contingent valuation method as the reef supplies many products and services within the tourism industry. Costs of the Great Barrier Reef Options for quantifying the costs and benefits of Great Barrier Reef conservation It appears that the best way to determine a monetary value of the Great Barrier Reef is the total economic value (TEV) framework. This framework has been used many times by many different organisations and repeatedly appears to have consistent conclusions. Oxford Economics assessed the TEV of the Great Barrier Reef in 2009 and came to the conclusion that it is worth 51.4 billion dollars (Valuing the effects of Great Barrier Reef bleaching, 2017), and in 2017 Deloitte economists determined that the value of the Great Barrier Reef stood at 56 billion dollars (At what price? The economic, social and icon value of the Great Barrier Reef, 2017). The TEV framework effectively encompasses the greatest range of costs, benefits and values out of all other frameworks. When using cost benefit analysis (CBA) the indirect benefits are not considered in the same way that they are with the TEV approach. It was determined in the Deloitte economists report that the second most valuable aspect of the Great Barrier Reef was indirect or non-use value at 23.8 billion dollars, second to only tourism which was determined to be worth a staggering 29 billion dollars. It is clear that the TEV framework is the best system currently within use. Conclusion The final thoughts on the topic of evaluating the value of the Great Barrier Reef, one of the world’s greatest natural resources, is that currently the best and most effective way to put a monetary value on the reef is to use the TEV approach. This resource must preserved and Australia must not allow this resource to become abused and destroyed, it is one of the country’s greatest resources and is such an iconic image that represents Australia as a whole. The value that this brings through non-use value is irreplaceable and is in no way worth destroying for an economic trade off. References Deloitte Access Economics 2013, Economic contribution of the Great Barrier Reef, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville. Ecosystemvaluation.org. (2017). Market Price Method. [online] Available at: http://www.ecosystemvaluation.org/market_price.htm [Accessed 5 Aug. 2017]. Gbrmpa.gov.au. (2017). Coastal development and protecting the Great Barrier Reef GBRMPA. [online] Available at: http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/managing-the-reef/threats-to-the-reef/coastal-development-and-protecting-the-great-barrier-reef. Gbrmpa.gov.au. (2017). Recreation GBRMPA. [online] Available at: http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/managing-the-reef/how-the-reefs-managed/Managing-multiple-uses/recreation [Accessed 5 Aug. 2017]. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (2017). Ports and Shipping information sheet. pp.1-7. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (2012). Informing the outlook for Great Barrier Reef coastal ecosystems. Townsville: Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, pp.1 18. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (2009). Coastal development. pp.1-2. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (2004). Environmental Impact Management Policy. pp.1-10. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (2014). 2014 Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report. Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report. [online] Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, pp.5-18. Available at: http://www.gbr.qld.gov.au/documents/gbr-outlook-report-2014-full.pdf. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (2009). 2009 Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report. Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report. [online] Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, pp.1-12. Available at: http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/3843/OutlookReport_Full.pdf. Greenpeace. (2017). Boom Goes the Reef. [online] Available at: http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/6607/gbrmpa_EIM_Policy_2010.pdf. McCook, L., Ayling, T., Cappo, M., Choat, J., Evans, R., De Freitas, D., Heupel, M., Hughes, T., Jones, G., Mapstone, B., Marsh, H., Mills, M., Molloy, F., Pitcher, C., Pressey, R., Russ, G., Sutton, S., Sweatman, H., Tobin, R., Wachenfeld, D. and Williamson, D. (2010). Adaptive management of the Great Barrier Reef: A globally significant demonstration of the benefits of networks of marine reserves. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(43), pp.18278-18285. Moore, T. (2017). International concern about LNG industrys impact on Reef. [online] Brisbane Times. Available at: http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/international-concern-about-lng-industrys-impact-on-reef-20111106-1n2fx.html. Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (2013). Draft report on the economic and social impacts of protecting environmental values in Great Barrier Reef catchment waterways and the reef lagoon. Marsden Jacobs, pp.38-117. Total economic value of the Great Barrier Reef What you need to know. (2017). 1st ed. [ebook] Deloitte Access Economics, pp.4 9. Available at: https://barrierreef.org/uploads/Total%20economic%20value%20of%20the%20Great%20Barrier%20Reef%20-%20Need%20to%20know.pdf [Accessed 9 Aug. 2017]. Valuing the effects of Great Barrier Reef bleaching. (2017). 1st ed. [ebook] Saint Aldates: Oxford Economics, pp.1 80. Available at: https://www.oxfordeconomics.com/Media/Default/economic-impact/sustainability-and-climate-change/gbrfoxford.pdf [Accessed 13 Aug. 2017]. Stoeckl, N., Hicks, C., Mills, M., Fabricius, K., Esparon, M., Kroon, F., Kaur, K. and Costanza, R. (2011). The economic value of ecosystem services in the Great Barrier Reef: our state of knowledge. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1219(1), pp.113-133. At what price? The economic, social and icon value of the Great Barrier Reef. (2017). [online] Deloitte Economics. Available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/Economics/deloitte-au-economics-great-barrier-reef-230617.pdf [Accessed 14 Aug. 2017].

Education in Egypt Essay

Education is an important factor to a new and improved Egypt. But unfortunately the education we have here in Egypt leads to high literacy rate. This was proven through out the research. Also that high literacy rate is due to the deterioration of the educational system and governmental schools. The research was based on a questionnaire made and distributed among students and parents randomly. The questionnaire was divided in to 5 questions. First knowing their career either students or parents, second was either preferring public or private schools, for third question the number of students in the class now and what do they prefer the most, forth was ways for improving, and last question is either the literacy rate is effected from the way of education we have and why. The Research had 62 samples, they were all either students or parents, they were random samples, and all students where school students. The results obtained from the questionnaire showed 61% were students and 37% were parents. As for the second question there was a huge gap, there was 95% who choose private and only 5% choose public and reasons were defined. For the third question there was completely different results, concerning question (3 a) there was 27.42% answered 15 to 20 students, 38.71% claimed being in classes of 25 to 30 students, 29% answered 35 to 40 students and only 4.84% answered 40+. However question (3 b) had most of the samples answering similarly, having only 2 answers 71.3% wanted 15 to 20 students in class and 28.7% accepted 25 to 30 students as for the rest 0%. For the forth question the participants had different opinions in answering it as it is an open-ended question. Last question had 77.4% answered yes, 14.5% for No and 8.1% had neutral as their answer, for the rest of the question was also open-ended. Concerning question two why they choose either public or private, for people who choose private schools was because they have better education, teachers are well qualified, more taking care of students, the schools are neater hygienic wise, having the same social standard colleagues, the private schools having better working environments, also for not just concerning on academic levels but also behaviors and manners. However for the few others who answered public was because it is cheaper, near the house and because the parent work there so it is easier. Going back to the literature review, yes searches did get out that most people or parents send their children private schools as for all the reason stated by the participants. Regarding the forth question there was so many suggestions, some of them are that changing the curriculum, teachers having higher salaries so they have motivation on working better, changing the way of teaching, making public and private schools going on the same curriculum, reduce the number of students in classes so that students and teachers could concentrate, non academic courses so that students loves the school and know its important, having a better working environment for students in classes, adding some critical thinking so students do not get out of school having the technique of memorizing only, improving the hygienic state of the classrooms and WC. Referring to what (Moussa) said in the literature review was same as some of the participants’ results about having overcrowded classes and the concentration in class. Also as the educational institute claimed about paying more attention to the curriculum and to continuously work on improving it was also one of the participants answers which shows that there is similarities between what the searches said and the questionnaires answers. Although based on (Helmy) â€Å"the country’s curriculum and assessment systems emphasize the memorization of facts, which works against innovative thinking and knowledge creation† is common to one of the answers about the critical thinking and not memorizing Finally question five people who answered with a yes was because they think government should provide in public school the same curriculum and importance of the subjects so students would want to go, also they do not give a concentration for those people who are in areas which there are no schools so they do not even care for learning, so these are some of the reasons that leads to high literacy rate however who had a no answer was because they think that it is because people does not want to learn not because we have a bad education but because they think working will get them money faster than studying first then working, and neutral did though education some times is a main problem for literacy because it is not as good as it should be but sometimes it is not the barrier because if a person wants to learn they will find their way to learn. In conclusion hypothesis was supported, as for most of the participants had the same answers as where out in the literature review as showing education is responsible in increasing or decreasing high literacy rate, also the quality of education in Egypt should be changed as for it is found out by margin that most of the people think the same about education in Egypt. Education is a very important aspect in everyone’s lives. It’s the education that makes us knowledgeable, respectable, civilized people so we have to take a very good care of it.

Become a Good Basketball Player Essay - 588 Words

There are numerous different steps required to be a good basketball player. There are different aspects of the game that can drastically change the tempo of the game. Of course shooting the ball is important, but improving dribbling, defensive, and passing skills are also important. A players ability in all phases of the game is what makes them a good player. The first thing to practice on is dribbling. Dribbling is one of the most crucial skills to have. Good dribbling enables the player to move around more and get to places quicker. The best way to improve this skill is to dribble 2 basketballs, one in each hand. This task will be especially hard for the secondary hand, but improvement should be noticed within a few moments. Once the†¦show more content†¦To be a good basketball player, good passing is required. Good passing rewards the team with more control over the game. Once the player has learned the basics of passing, they can work on the more advanced ways of distrib uting the basketball. Passing between the legs or behind your back is a tough technique to conquer. However once these tools are learned, they can be used for better passes and to fake out the defense. A good offense is nice to have, but good defense lowers the other teams chance to score. Good defense also takes the pressure off the team when on offense. The team wont feel as if they have to score on every possession. Defense is hard to train, and a partner is required. The main thing to do on defense is to stay between the person being guarded and the goal. A good defensive player needs to be quick and agile, but also have good endurance. Once the player has learned how to defend, they can become a bit more aggressive. The player should soon reach out to interrupt dribbles and steal the ball, or try block shots and passes to create turnovers. 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Should I Vaccinate My Child - 1236 Words

Would I vaccinate my child? Vaccines are a controversial topic in the twenty-first century. Infections, diseases, and viruses have many questions surrounding them, but nobody really knows the cause for some disorders, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). So, people blame vaccines for causing a disorder in their child, which has caused some parents to opt out of vaccinating their child. I do not agree with letting my child roam the world with no protection against deadly illnesses. I would definitely vaccinate my child. Today, people do not really know how a vaccine works. For many illnesses, a person becomes immune once their body has fought off the infection. This is because the body can now fight the infection without suffering from†¦show more content†¦Once people were vaccinated, they were not prone to contracting the virus, therefore their bodies were healthy and the virus was not spread to other individuals. 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